The newly released standard ISO 14253-1 for determining compliance ornon-compliance with a specification breaks with traditions in most industriesfor how these decisions are made by requiring that measurement uncertainty istaken into account. But is this an improvement or just an unnecessary extracomplication? This paper looks at how tolerances and decision rules interact andhow you may be able to expand your tolerances and save money while retaining thesame functionality, if you implement these new decision rules.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14253 1.pdf -
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It is true that if the decision rules of ISO 14253-1 are applied tospecifications that were developed using the traditional acceptance criteria,the results will be a de facto reduction of all tolerances. The real benefit ofISO 14253-1 is only realized, when tolerances are developed with these criteriain mind. In order to gain this benefit, it is important to stipulate incontracts referring to the standard, that the manufacturer has to proveconformance of all product shipped.
With the promise of cost savings from relaxed tolerances and fewer workpiececonformance disputes, the rigorous, correct application of ISO 14253-1 is agreat opportunity for all branches of industry. By changing the way calibrationresults are reported, calibration providers can offer their clients a betterproduct and avoid having to take the standard into account.
To calculate the probabilities α and β, we need to know the true underlying distribution of workpieces, as well as a decision rule. Table 1 gives the α and β probabilities for the 14253-1 rule both with and without the Bayesian adjustment for the two examples of the Sec. 3. We have also included the cost of the decision rule (as a percentage of the unit workpiece cost) for the case where Type I costs are 15 times larger than Type II costs. For these calculations we assumed that the underlying population is a Gaussian distribution and centered in the conformance zone and with standard deviation upe. This amounts to assuming that the prior distribution used in the Bayesian rule is the true underlying distribution. Also note that the Type I probabilities (alpha) are all less than 0.001. Such small probabilities are heavily dependent on the tail behavior of the Gaussian distribution, which might not be valid in the real world. However, these small probabilities do not significantly affect the cost estimates we present in Table 1.
ISO 14253-1:2013 establishes the rules for determining the conformity or nonconformity with a given tolerance for a characteristic of a workpiece (or a population of workpieces) or limits of maximum permissible errors for a metrological characteristic of a measuring equipment, taking into account the measurement uncertainty.These rules are different for tolerances to individual workpieces and tolerances to workpiece populations.It also gives rules on how to deal with cases where a clear decision (conformity or nonconformity with specification) cannot be taken, i.e. when the measurement result falls within the uncertainty range that exists around the specification limits.ISO 14253-1:2013 applies to specifications defined in general GPS standards (see ISO/TR 14538), i.e. standards prepared by ISO/TC 213, including:? workpiece/population of workpieces specifications (usually given as an upper tolerance limit or a lower tolerance limit or both), and;? measuring equipment specifications (usually given as maximum permissible errors).ISO 14253-1:2013 only applies for characteristics expressed as numerical quantity values.
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The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an independent, non-governmental international organization. It was founded in 1947 to develop and publish international standards and is made up of 164 national standards bodies. Each member body is the leading standards organization in their country. Only one national standards body is allowed per country. The ISO national standards body for the United States is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
ISO GPS is the international dimensioning and tolerancing standard. Having a global specification where the requirements are shown using symbols, rather than notes, has a major benefit. It allows a drawing of a part to be created in one country and manufactured in another without confusion. Yet, a majority of American companies and many international companies use the ASME GD&T standard, ASME Y14.5, as their GD&T standard, rather than ISO standards.
In fact, a recent survey by Alex Krulikowski showed that ASME Y14.5 may be used more often than ISO GD&T standards. One hundred and thirty-three people from varying industries, company sizes, and 27 countries responded to the survey. Sixty-three of the participants were from the US, and 70 were from other countries. The results of this survey showed that 86% of US participants used ASME Y14.5 in their company. Fifty-six percent of international participants indicated that their company uses ASME Y14.5.
In addition to dimensioning and tolerancing, ISO GPS standards also include many specifications for the design of different types of gages, acceptance tests, and calibration of coordinate measurement systems. ISO 14978 defines the general requirements and calibration requirements for GPS measurement equipment (such as micrometers, calipers, and gauge blocks). ISO 14253 (this standard is broken up into six parts) deals with verifying conformity or non-conformity of a part being inspected using the measurement equipment.
The project centered around holding meetings in Kathmandu with Unicode representatives and Nepal Bhasa user community members, particularly members from the group Nepal Lipi Guthi, which promotes the Nepal Bhasa language. The goal was to help progress script proposals for two scripts of Nepal, "Prachalit Nepal" and Ranjana, so they become part of the international standard and can ultimately be accessible for Wikimedia projects and for general and scholarly use. 2ff7e9595c
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